The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary actions
Cerebellum
- The phase in the cell cycle when DNA replication occurs
Interphase- The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary actions
Autonomic system- A plant hormone that causes leaves to fall off trees in autumn
Abscisic acid- Measurement of the total amount of carbon dioxide emissions of an individual per year
Carbon footprint- The division of the cytoplasm through the constriction of the cell membrane at the end of cell division
Cytokinesis- The structure in the amniotic egg that stores wastes
Allantois- The inner lining of the uterus where implantation of the embryo occurs
Endometrium- Part of the female reproductive system where fertilisation occurs
Fallopian tube/oviduct- The organelle in the cytoplasm which is the site of protein synthesis
Ribosome- The name of the bond that forms between amino acids in a protein molecule
Peptide- The process by which a DNA molecule makes identical copies of itself
DNA Replication- The name of the process when homologous chromosome pairs fail to separate during meiosis
Non-disjunction- The permanent disappearance of a species from earth
Extinction- A testable statement that may be accepted or rejected
Hypothesis- The type of nucleic acid that carries a specific amino acid
tRNA/transfer RNA- A type of fertilisation in which the nucleus of a sperm fuses with the nucleus of an ovum outside the body of the female
External fertilisation- The growth of part of a plant in response to gravity
Geotropism/gravitropism- The condition of the blood vessels in the skin in humans when the environmental temperature is low
Vasoconstriction- The reproductive strategy when hatchlings are able to move and feed themselves
Precocial- The sensory receptors found in the semicircular canals
Cristae- The type of pollution that occurs when hot fluids are released into rivers and oceans
Thermal pollution- A layer inside the eye that absorbs light, thus reducing reflection
Choroid- A genetic cross involving two different characteristics
Dihybrid- The variety of life forms that exist on Earth
Biodiversity- The opening in the skull through which the spinal cord enters
Foramen magnum- A group of organisms of the same species living in the same habitat at the same time
Population- A testable statement that can be accepted or rejected
Hypothesis- A genetic disorder resulting in the non-production of the clotting factor in blood
Haemophilia- Total disappearance of a species from Earth
Extinction- A segment of a chromosome that codes for a particular characteristic
Gene- The ability of an organism to walk on two limbs
Bipedalism- A type of reproduction in humans where the foetus develops inside the uterus
Vivipary/Viviparous- Structures found only in animal cells that form the spindle during cell division
Centrioles/Centrosome- The movement of part of a plant in response to gravity
Geotropism/Gravitropism- The amount of carbon dioxide produced by an individual per unit time as a result of his/her activities
Carbon footprint- The stage in humans when sexual maturity is reached in males and females
Puberty- A change in the internal or external environment that will be detected by a receptor and converted into an impulse
Stimulus- Small tubes placed in the tympanic membrane to drain liquid from the middle ear
Grommets- Part of the human ear that directs sound waves into the auditory cana
Pinna- The type of inheritance where the dominant allele masks the expression of the recessive allele in the heterozygous condition
Complete dominance- The process by which genetically identical organisms are formed using biotechnology
Cloning- A group of organisms of the same species in a specific habitat
Population- The type of vision shared by apes and humans that allows fordepth perception
Stereoscopic/Binocular- The family to which humans belong
Hominidae/Hominids- A human disorder caused by non-disjunction of chromosome pair 21
Down syndrome/ trisomy 21- The stage of protein synthesis during which mRNA forms from DNA
Transcription- Structures in different organisms that have a similar basic plan which suggests that they share a common ancestor
Homologous- The position of a gene on a chromosome
Locus- The type of variation in a population with no intermediate phenotypes
Discontinuous variation- The part of the brain that controls the heart rate
Medulla oblongata- The maintenance of a constant internal environment in the body within certain limits
Homeostasis- The plant growth hormone that promotes seed dormancy
Abscisic acid/ABA- A collective name for the membranes that protect the brain
Meninges- A hormone that regulates the salt concentration in human blood
Aldosterone- A layer in the atmosphere that is damaged by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
Ozone/O3- A hormone that stimulates the maturation of sperm
Testosterone/FSH/LH- Chromosomes that carry the same set of genes
Homologous/homologues/bivalent- Two or more alternative forms of a gene at the same locus
Alleles/Multiple alleles- The structure responsible for pulling chromosomes to the poles of an animal cell during cell division
Spindle fibres/spindle threads/spindle apparatus- A phase in the cell cycle that occurs before cell division
Interphase- A diagrammatic representation showing possible evolutionary relationships among different species
Phylogenetic tree/cladogram- The type of vision shared by apes and humans that allows for depth perception
Binocular/stereoscopic- A genetic cross involving two characteristics
Dihybridcross- A genetic disorder characterised by the absence of a blood-clotting factor
Haemophilia- The present-day distribution of organisms
Biogeography- The structure in the ear that equalises the pressure on either side of the eardrum
Eustachian tube- Measurement of the total amount of carbon dioxide emissions of an individual, a defined population or a company per year
Carbon footprint- The type of pollution caused when water is released into a river after being heated in power stations or industries
Thermalpollution- The watery fluid that supports the cornea and the front chamber of the eye
Aqueous humour- The hormone produced by the Graafian follicle
Oestrogen- The hormone responsible for the formation of the corpus luteum
Luteinising hormone/LH- The receptors in the ear that detect changes in the direction and speed of any movement of the body
Cristae- A hormone which stimulates the secretion of thyroxin
TSH/Thyroid-stimulating hormone- The type of fertilisation associated with viviparous reproduction
Internal fertilisation- The series of changes that take place in the shape of the lens and the eyeball in response to the distance of an object from the eye
Accommodation- Similar structures on different organisms that suggest they have a common ancestor
Homologous- The complete set of chromosomes in the cell of an organism
Genome- A bar code pattern formed from DNA
DNA profile/fingerprint- The condition that results from the absence of skin pigmentation
Albinism- The bonds formed between amino acids
Peptide bonds- A representation of the number, shape and arrangement of all the chromosomes in the nucleus of a somatic cell
Karyotype /Karyogram- Openings in the nuclear membrane that allow mRNA to leave the nucleus
Nuclear pores- A copy of an organism that is genetically identical to the original organism
Clone- A tentative explanation of a phenomenon that can be tested
Hypothesis- The distribution of species in different parts of the world
Biogeography- The membranes which protect the central nervous system
Meninges- A plant growth hormone that stimulates seed germination
Gibberellin- The nervous system which consists of cranial and spinal nerves
Peripheral nervous system- A branch of the autonomic nervous system that decreases the heartbeat back to normal
Parasympatheticsystem- The outermost extra-embryonic membrane surrounding the embryo
Chorion- The hormone that regulates the salt concentration in the human body
Aldosterone- The blood vessel in the umbilical cord that carries blood rich in oxygen and nutrients
Umbilical vein- The hormone inhibited by an increased level of thyroxin
TSH /thyroid stimulating hormone- The period of development of an embryo in the uterus, between fertilisation and birth
Gestation- The structure in the head of a sperm cell that contains enzymes which break down the membrane surrounding the ovum
Acrosome- An allele that does not influence the phenotype when found in the heterozygous condition
Recessive- A section of a DNA molecule that codes for a specific characteristic
Gene- The physical and functional expression of a gene
Phenotype- The manipulation of the genetic material of an organism to get desired changes
Genetic engineering- The deliberate breeding of organisms for desirable characteristics selected by humans
Artificial selection- The explanation that species experience long periods without physical change, followed by short periods of rapid physical change
Punctuated equilibrium- The phase of meiosis during which homologous chromosomes separate and start moving towards opposite poles
Anaphase I- The defect in cell division that leads to Down syndrome
Non-disjunction- The structure that is made up of two chromatids joined by a centromere
Chromosome- An explanation for something that has been observed in nature and which can be supported by facts, laws and tested hypotheses
Theory- The period of development of an embryo in the uterus between fertilisation and birth
Gestation- Disease characterised by a lack of insulin production
Diabetes mellitus- Tube that connects the pharynx and the middle ear
Eustachian tube- A process by which nutrients become highly concentrated in a body of water, leading to increased growth of organisms such as algae
Eutrophication- A stage in the development of humans in which the embryo consists of a layer of cells surrounding a cavity
Blastocyst- The structure at the tip of a sperm cell containing enzymes and which makes contact with the egg cell during fertilisation
Acrosome- The gland in the male reproductive system of humans that produces an alkaline fluid to counteract the acid environment of the vagina
Prostate- The duct leading from the testis to the urethra in human males
Sperm duct/vas deferens- The process by which the ovum is formed through meiosis in the ovary
Oogenesis- The production of a genetically identical copy of an organism using biotechnology
Cloning- Chromosomes that are not responsible for sex determination
Autosomes- The two parts of a chromosome held together by a centromere
Chromatids- An inherited disease that affects haemoglobin and changes the shape of red blood corpuscles
Sickle-cell anaemia- The genetic make-up of an organism in respect of the alleles it possesses
Genotype- The complete disappearance of a species from Earth
Extinction- The full complement of genes present in an organism
Genome- The ability of an organism to walk on two feet
Bipedal/Bipedalism- The chromosome complement/condition of a body cell which contains two sets of chromosomes
Diploid- The point at which chromatids of homologous chromosomes cross over during meiosis
Chiasma/Chiasmata- A visual representation of an organism's chromosomes
- The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary actions