Climate and Weather Mid-latitude cyclones

• General characteristics

• Areas of formation

• Conditions necessary for formation

• Stages in the formation

• Associated weather patterns:

Cold front conditions

Warm front conditions

Occluded front conditions

• Cyclone families

• Impact on human activities and the environment

• Possible pre-cautionary and management strategies

• Identification on synoptic weather maps and satellite images:

o Identification of stages of development on synoptic weather maps

o Interpretation of weather symbols, predicted weather and impact

Tropical cyclones

• General characteristics

• Areas of formation and associated terms

• Conditions necessary for formation

• Stages in the formation

• Associated weather patterns

• Impact on human activities and the environment (including impact of floods)

• Pre-cautionary and management strategies to manage the effect of tropical cyclones (including floods)

• Identification on synoptic weather maps and satellite images:

Identification of stages of development on synoptic weather maps

Interpretation of weather symbols

• Case study of ONE recent tropical cyclone that affected Southern Africa

Subtropical anticyclones (high-pressure cells) and the resultant weather over South Africa

• Location and identification of the THREE high-pressure cells that affect South Africa:

South Atlantic/St Helena high-pressure cell

South Indian/Mauritius high-pressure cell

Kalahari/Continental high-pressure cell

• General characteristics of the THREE high-pressure cells

• Influence of anticyclones on South Africa's weather and climate

• Interpretation and reading of information related to the THREE high-pressure cells on synoptic weather maps

• Development of travelling disturbances associated with anticyclonic circulation:

Moisture front and line thunderstorms

Coastal low pressure

South African berg wind

• Resultant weather and impact associated with moving disturbances

• Identification of moving disturbances on synoptic weather maps and satellite images

• Reading and interpretation of synoptic weather maps and satellite images that illustrate weather associated with anticyclonic conditions

Valley climates

• Slope aspect:

Definition

Impact on the distribution of temperature in a valley

Impact on human activities in a valley

• Development of:

Anabatic winds

Katabatic winds

Inversions/Thermal belt

Frost pockets

Radiation fog (Draw simple free-hand sketches to depict anabatic and katabatic winds.)

• Influence on human activities:

Settlement

Farming Urban climates

• Reasons for differences between rural and urban climates

• Urban heat islands:

o Causes of urban heat islands/factors contributing to higher city temperatures

o Effects of urban heat islands

o Strategies to reduce the urban heat island effect

• Pollution domes:

o Causes of pollution domes

o Effects of pollution domes

o Strategies to reduce the pollution dome effect Interpretation of synoptic weather maps

• Use of international symbols

• Identification and characteristics of high- and low-pressure cells

• Interpretation of the impact of high- and low-pressure cells

• Reading and interpretation of station models

• Satellite images – reading and interpretation

• Compare satellite images to synoptic weather maps

Drainage basins in South Africa

• Concepts of:

Drainage basin

Catchment area

River system

Tributary

Confluence

Watershed

Interfluve

Source

River mouth

Surface run-off

Groundwater

Water table

• Types of rivers:

Permanent

Periodic

Episodic

Exotic

Underlying rock structure, development and characteristics of the following drainage patterns:

Dendritic

Trellis

Rectangular

Radial

Centripetal

Deranged

Parallel

• Definition and factors influencing drainage density:

Precipitation

Evaporation

Soil moisture

Vegetation

Slope/Gradient

Porosity

Permeability

• Determining stream order

• Use of topographic maps to determine drainage patterns, drainage density and stream order

• Discharge of a river:

Laminar flow

Turbulent flow

River profiles:

Definition, description and associated characteristics

Cross/Transverse profile

Longitudinal profile

Relationship of both profiles to the stages of a river (upper, middle, lower course)

• River grading:

Distinguish between graded and ungraded streams

Base level of erosion

Temporary base level of erosion

Permanent base level of erosion

• River rejuvenation:

Reasons for rejuvenation

Features of rejuvenation

Knickpoint

Terraces

Valley in a valley

Incised/Entrenched meanders

• Identification, description and formation of fluvial landforms:

Meander

Undercut slope

Slip-off slope

Oxbow lake

Sand island

Braided stream

Flood plain

Natural levee

Waterfall

Rapid

Delta

Utilisation of fluvial landforms by humans

River capture/Stream piracy:

Concepts of

Abstraction

River capture/stream piracy

Features associated with river capture

Captor stream

Captured stream

Misfit stream

Elbow of capture

Wind gap/River gravels

Impact of river capture on captor stream and captured stream

Implications of river capture for human activities, settlements, recreation, agriculture and flooding

Identification of features associated with river capture on topographic maps

• Superimposed and antecedent drainage patterns

Catchment and river management

• Importance of managing drainage basins/catchment areas

• Impact of people on drainage basins/catchment areas:

River pollution

Overgrazing

Deforestation

Human settlement

• Strategies to manage drainage basins/catchment areas

• Case study of one catchment management strategy in South Africa

Study of settlements

• Concepts of:

Settlement

Site

Situation

• Rural and urban settlements

• Classification of settlements according to:

Size and complexity

Pattern

Function Rural settlements

• How site and situation affect the location of rural settlements

• Classification of rural settlements according to:

Pattern

Function

• Reasons for different shapes of rural settlements:

Round

Linear

Crossroad

T-shape

Stellar

• Land use in rural settlements

Rural settlement issues

• Concept of rural-urban migration

• Concept of rural depopulation:

Causes and consequences of rural depopulation on people and the economy

Strategies to address rural depopulation

Case study that illustrates effects of rural depopulation and strategies to address them

• Social justice issues associated with rural settlements:

Access to resources

Land reform (to include land redistribution and restitution)

Urban settlements

• The origin and development of urban settlements

• Urbanisation of the world population

• Concepts of:

Urbanisation

Urban growth

Urban expansion

Urban sprawl

Rate of urbanisation

Level of urbanisation

Interpretation of graphs and statistics

• How site and situation affect the location of urban settlements

• Classification of urban settlements according to function:

Central places

Trade and transport towns

Break-of-bulk points

Specialised towns

Junction towns

Gateway/Gap towns

Urban hierarchies

• Concepts of:

Urban hierarchy

Central place

Threshold population

Sphere of influence

Range of goods

• Concepts of:

Low- and high-order functions/services

Low- and high-order centres

Urban structure and patterns

• Internal structure and patterns of urban settlements: o Land-use zones, including reasons for location and characteristics

Commercial

Residential

Industrial

Zone of decay/Transition zone

Green belt

Rural-urban fringe

Factors influencing the morphological structure of a city

Urban profiles

Concept of urban profile

Reasons for shape of urban profile

Models of urban structure:

Burgess/Concentric

Hoyt/Sector

Harris and Ullman/Multiple nuclei

Modern American-western city

Third World city

South African city

Changing urban patterns and land use in South Africa

Urban settlement issues

• Recent urbanisation patterns in South Africa

• Urban issues related to rapid urbanisation:

Inner-city problems

Urban blight

Traffic congestion

Lack of planning

Overcrowding

Housing shortages

Service provision

• Informal settlements:

Growth of informal settlements

Issues associated with informal settlements

Strategies to address issues relating to informal settlements

Case studies from the world and South Africa

• Case studies on how selected urban areas in South Africa are managing urban challenges:

Environmental justices

Air pollution

Noise pollution

Destruction of ecosystems

Economic justices

Poverty

Poor public transport systems

Social justices

Unequal access to services

Unequal access to resources

The structure of the economy

• Economic sectors – definitions and examples:

Primary activities

Secondary activities

Tertiary activities

Quaternary activities

• Contribution of economic sectors to the South African economy:

Value/Contribution to GNP and GDP

Employment

• Use/Interpretation of statistical and graphical information

Agriculture

• Contribution of agriculture to the South African economy

• The role of small-scale farmers and large-scale farmers

• Main products produced – home market and export market on the following:

Cattle

Maize

Sugar cane

• Apply factors favouring agriculture in South Africa to main products produced

• Apply factors hindering agriculture in South Africa to main products produced

• Food security/Food insecurity:

Definition

Importance of food security in South Africa

Factors influencing food security in South Africa

• Case studies related to food security in South Africa Mining

• Contribution of mining to South African economy

• Significance of mining to development in South Africa

• Main products produced:

Coal

Gold

Platinum

• Apply factors favouring mining in South Africa to main minerals mined

• Apply factors hindering mining in South Africa to main minerals mined

• Case study of one of South Africa's main minerals in relation to the above Secondary and tertiary sectors

• Contribution of secondary activities to South African economy

• Types of industries:

Heavy and light

Raw material orientated

Market orientated

Footloose

Ubiquitous

Bridge/Break-of-bulk

• Factors favouring industrial development in South Africa:

Raw materials

Labour supply

Water supply

Energy supply

Transport

Political intervention

Competition

Trade

• Factors hindering industrial development in South Africa:

Over-concentration

Transport

Air pollution

Labour supply

Water supply

Raw materials

Political interference

Competition

Trade

• Four core industrial areas of South Africa:

PWV (Gauteng)

Durban-Pinetown (eThekwini)

Port Elizabeth-Uitenhage (Nelson Mandela Metropole)

South-western Cape NOTE: For the NSC November 2017 and NSC Supplementary 2018 examinations the TWO industrial regions that will be examined are Durban-Pinetown (eThekwini) and the South-western Cape. For the NSC November 2018 and NSC Supplementary 2019 examinations the TWO industrial regions that will be examined are Durban-Pinetown (eThekwini) and the PWV (Gauteng). For the NSC November 2019 and NSC Supplementary 2020 examinations the TWO industrial regions that will be examined are the PWV (Gauteng) and Port ElizabethUitenhage (Nelson Mandela Metropole). [It is still required to know the location of all FOUR industrial regions.] Teachers will have to do some research on the prescribed industrial regions, as all FOUR are not covered in detail in all the textbooks.

Map showing location

Factors influencing the location of the prescribed industrial regions

Main industrial activities of the prescribed industrial regions

South African case studies to illustrate the above

• Strategies for industrial development in South Africa:

Overview of apartheid and post-apartheid industrial development strategies

The Good Hope Plan (apartheid)

The Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) (post-apartheid)

Growth, Employment and Redistribution (GEAR) (post-apartheid)

Concept and distribution of Industrial Development Zones (IDZs)

NOTE: For the NSC November 2017 and NSC Supplementary 2018 examinations candidates only need to have an overview of the distribution of the IDZs. For the NSC November 2018 and NSC Supplementary 2019 examinations the IDZ that will be examined is the East London IDZ. For the NSC November 2019 and NSC Supplementary 2020 examinations the IDZ that will be examined is the Saldanha Bay IDZ. [It is still required to know the location of all the IDZs.] Teachers will have to do some research on the prescribed IDZs, as different textbooks focus on different IDZs.

Case studies of two Spatial Development Initiatives (SDIs)

NOTE: For the NSC November 2017 and NSC Supplementary 2018 examinations the TWO SDIs that will be examined are the Maputo Development Corridor and the Wild Coast SDI. For the NSC November 2018 and NSC Supplementary 2019 examinations the TWO SDIs that will be examined are the Phalaborwa SDI and the West Coast SDI. For the NSC November 2019 and NSC Supplementary 2020 examinations the TWO SDIs that will be examined are the Platinum SDI and the Richards Bay SDI. [It is still required to know the location of all the SDIs.] Teachers will have to do some research on the prescribed SDIs as different textbooks focus on different SDIs.

Issues related to industrial centralisation and decentralisation

• Contribution of tertiary activities to the South African economy:

Definition of tertiary activities

Examples of tertiary activities

The role of international trade in economic development

The role of transport in economic development

Interpretation of graphs and tables

Case studies of contribution of tertiary activities to the South African economy

The informal sector

• Concept of informal sector employment

• Characteristics of informal sector employment

• Reasons for high informal sector employment in South Africa

• Challenges facing South Africa's informal sector

• Importance/Role of the informal sector in the economy

• Strategies for strengthening the informal sector

• Case studies to illustrate the above in the South African context

50 000 Topographic Maps

All the geographical skills and knowledge studied in Grades 10 and 11 are relevant to Grade 12.

Mapwork techniques

These concepts should be taught in an integrated fashion.

• Contour lines, contour interval and height and conventional signs

• Compass direction

• True/Geographic bearing

• Magnetic declination and bearing

• Map scale – types of scales and comparing the scales of topographic maps, orthophoto maps and aerial photographs

• Calculating straight-line distance in reality

• Calculating area of regular features

• Map reference numbers/Map index

• Alphanumeric reference/Grid reference

• Map coordinates/Fixing position – stating the coordinates

• Calculation and interpretation of gradient

• Cross-sections – drawing of cross-sections, indicating position of features on cross-sections and identifying features represented by cross-sections

• Intervisibility

• Calculating vertical exaggeration Topographic map application

• Interpretation of 1 : 50 000 topographic maps:

Interpreting physical features, e.g. relief, drainage, climate and vegetation

Interpreting cultural features, e.g. settlement, land-use and transport networks

• Application of all aspects of the syllabus covered in the theoretical section of Geography

• Interpreting of temperature, rainfall, climate zones and biomes, graphs and tables that are related to the 1 : 50 000 topographic map and the 1 : 10 000 orthophoto map being assessed

Photographs

• Types of photographs

• Advantages and disadvantages of different types of photographs

• Orthophoto maps

• Interpreting size, shape, tone, texture, shadow and patterns of vertical aerial photographs to identify features, landforms and activities on photographs and orthophoto maps

• Orientation of orthophoto map to topographic map

• Compare orthophoto maps to topographic maps

• All techniques mentioned under mapwork techniques are applicable to orthophoto maps Orthophoto map application

• Interpretation of 1 : 10 000 orthophoto maps

Interpreting physical features, e.g. relief, drainage, climate and vegetation

Interpreting cultural features, e.g. settlement, land-use and transport networks

• Application of all aspects of syllabus covered in the theoretical section of Geography Types of Maps

• Reference maps

• Thematic maps – defining, identifying and interpreting different types of thematic maps with the aid of atlases Geographical Information Systems (GIS)

• Concepts of:

GIS

Remote sensing

Resolution

Pixels

Spatial resolution

Spatial and attribute data

Vector and raster data

Spatial objects

Points/Nodes

Lines

Area/Polygons

• Concept of layering of information

• Components of GIS

• Sources of information for GIS

• Data manipulation and analysis:

Concept of data manipulation

Data integration

Buffering

Querying

Statistical analysis

• Data standardisation

• Data sharing

• Data security

• Application of GIS by the:

Government

Private sector

• Developing a 'paper GIS' from existing maps, photographs and other sources of information on layers of tracing paper

• Identifying and interpreting concepts using given data such as satellite images, topographic maps, orthophoto maps, aerial photographs, pictures and statistics indicated on graphs and

back