The phase in the cell cycle when DNA replication occurs
Interphase
The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary
actions
Autonomic system
A plant hormone that causes leaves to fall off trees in autumn
Abscisic acid
Measurement of the total amount of carbon dioxide emissions of an
individual per year
Carbon footprint
The division of the cytoplasm through the constriction of the cell
membrane at the end of cell division
Cytokinesis
The structure in the amniotic egg that stores wastes
Allantois
The inner lining of the uterus where implantation of the embryo
occurs
Endometrium
Part of the female reproductive system where fertilisation occurs
Fallopian tube/oviduct
The organelle in the cytoplasm which is the site of protein synthesis
Ribosome
The name of the bond that forms between amino acids in a protein molecule
Peptide
The process by which a DNA molecule makes identical copies of itself
Replication
The name of the process when homologous chromosome pairs fail to separate during meiosis
Non-disjunction
The permanent disappearance of a species from earth
Extinction
A testable statement that may be accepted or rejected
Hypothesis
The type of nucleic acid that carries a specific amino acid
tRNA/transfer RNA
A type of fertilisation in which the nucleus of a sperm fuses with the
nucleus of an ovum outside the body of the female
External fertilisation
The growth of part of a plant in response to gravity
Geotropism/gravitropism
The condition of the blood vessels in the skin in humans when the environmental temperature is low
Vasoconstriction
The reproductive strategy when hatchlings are able to move and feed themselves
Precocial
The sensory receptors found in the semicircular canals
Cristae
The type of pollution that occurs when hot fluids are released into rivers and oceans
Thermal pollution
A layer inside the eye that absorbs light, thus reducing reflection
Choroid
A genetic cross involving two different characteristics
Dihybrid
The variety of life forms that exist on Earth
Biodiversity
The opening in the skull through which the spinal cord enters
Foramen magnum
A group of organisms of the same species living in the same habitat at the same time
Population
A testable statement that can be accepted or rejected
Hypothesis
A genetic disorder resulting in the non-production of the clotting factor in blood
Haemophilia
Total disappearance of a species from Earth
Extinction
A segment of a chromosome that codes for a particular characteristic
Gene
The ability of an organism to walk on two limbs
Bipedalism
A type of reproduction in humans where the foetus develops inside the uterus
Vivipary/Viviparous
Structures found only in animal cells that form the spindle during cell division
Centrioles/Centrosome
The movement of part of a plant in response to gravity
Geotropism/Gravitropism
The amount of carbon dioxide produced by an individual per unit time as a result of his/her activities
Carbon footprint
The stage in humans when sexual maturity is reached in males and females
Puberty
A change in the internal or external environment that will be detected by a receptor and converted into an impulse
Stimulus
Small tubes placed in the tympanic membrane to drain liquid from the middle ear
Grommets
Part of the human ear that directs sound waves into the auditory cana
Pinna
The type of inheritance where the dominant allele masks the
expression of the recessive allele in the heterozygous condition
Complete dominance
The process by which genetically identical organisms are formed using biotechnology
Cloning
A group of organisms of the same species in a specific habitat
Population
The type of vision shared by apes and humans that allows fordepth perception
Stereoscopic/Binocular
The family to which humans belong
Hominidae/Hominids
A human disorder caused by non-disjunction of chromosome pair 21
Down syndrome/ trisomy 21
The stage of protein synthesis during which mRNA forms from DNA
Transcription
Structures in different organisms that have a similar basic plan which suggests that they share a common ancestor
Homologous
The position of a gene on a chromosome
Locus
The type of variation in a population with no intermediate
phenotypes
Discontinuous variatio
The part of the brain that controls the heart rate
Medulla oblongata
The maintenance of a constant internal environment in the body within certain limits
Homeostasis
The plant growth hormone that promotes seed dormancy
Abscisic acid/ABA
A collective name for the membranes that protect the brain
Meninges
A hormone that regulates the salt concentration in human blood
Aldosterone
A layer in the atmosphere that is damaged by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
Ozoneļ¼/O3
A hormone that stimulates the maturation of sperm
Testosterone/FSH/LH
Chromosomes that carry the same set of genes
Homologous/homologues/bivalent
Two or more alternative forms of a gene at the same locus
Alleles/Multiple alleles
The structure responsible for pulling chromosomes to the poles of an animal cell during cell division
Spindle fibres/spindle threads/spindle apparatus
A phase in the cell cycle that occurs before cell division
Interphase
A diagrammatic representation showing possible evolutionary relationships among different species
Phylogenetic tree/cladogram
The type of vision shared by apes and humans that allows for depth perception
Binocular/stereoscopic
A genetic cross involving two characteristics
Dihybridcross
A genetic disorder characterised by the absence of a blood-clotting factor
Haemophilia
The present-day distribution of organisms
Biogeography
The structure in the ear that equalises the pressure on either side of the eardrum
Eustachian tube
Measurement of the total amount of carbon dioxide emissions of an individual, a defined population or a company per year
Carbon footprint
The type of pollution caused when water is released into a river after being heated in power stations or industries
Thermalpollution
The watery fluid that supports the cornea and the front chamber of the eye
Aqueous humour
The hormone produced by the Graafian follicle
Oestrogen
The hormone responsible for the formation of the corpus luteum
Luteinising hormone/LH
The receptors in the ear that detect changes in the direction and speed of any movement of the body
Cristae
A hormone which stimulates the secretion of thyroxin
TSH/Thyroid-stimulating hormone
The type of fertilisation associated with viviparous reproduction
Internal fertilisation
The series of changes that take place in the shape of the lens and the eyeball in response to the distance of an object from the eye
Accommodation
Similar structures on different organisms that suggest they have a common ancestor
Homologous
The complete set of chromosomes in the cell of an organism
Genome
A bar code pattern formed from DNA
DNA profile/fingerprint
The condition that results from the absence of skin pigmentation
Albinism
The bonds formed between amino acids
Peptide bonds
A representation of the number, shape and arrangement of all the chromosomes in the nucleus of a somatic cell
Karyotype /Karyogram
Openings in the nuclear membrane that allow mRNA to leave the nucleus
Nuclear pores
A copy of an organism that is genetically identical to the original organism
Clone
A tentative explanation of a phenomenon that can be tested
Hypothesis
The distribution of species in different parts of the world
Biogeography
The membranes which protect the central nervous system
Meninges
A plant growth hormone that stimulates seed germination
Gibberellin
The nervous system which consists of cranial and spinal nerves
Peripheral nervous system
A branch of the autonomic nervous system that decreases the heartbeat back to normal
Parasympatheticsystem
The outermost extra-embryonic membrane surrounding the embryo
Chorion
The hormone that regulates the salt concentration in the human body
Aldosterone
The blood vessel in the umbilical cord that carries blood rich in oxygen and nutrients
Umbilical vein
The hormone inhibited by an increased level of thyroxin
TSH /thyroid stimulating hormone
The period of development of an embryo in the uterus, between fertilisation and birth
Gestation
The structure in the head of a sperm cell that contains enzymes which break down the membrane surrounding the ovum
Acrosome
An allele that does not influence the phenotype when found in the heterozygous condition
Recessive
A section of a DNA molecule that codes for a specific characteristic
Gene
The production of a genetically identical copy of an organism using biotechnology
Cloning
The manipulation of the genetic material of an organism to get desired changes
Genetic engineering
The deliberate breeding of organisms for desirable characteristics selected by humans
Artificial selection
The explanation that species experience long periods without physical change, followed by short periods of rapid physical
change
Punctuated equilibrium
The phase of meiosis during which homologous chromosomes separate and start moving towards opposite poles
Anaphase I
The defect in cell division that leads to Down syndrome
Non-disjunction
The structure that is made up of two chromatids joined by a centromere
Chromosome
An explanation for something that has been observed in nature and which can be supported by facts, laws and tested
hypotheses
Theory
The period of development of an embryo in the uterus between fertilisation and birth
Gestation
Disease characterised by a lack of insulin production
Diabetes mellitus
Tube that connects the pharynx and the middle ear
Eustachian tube
A process by which nutrients become highly concentrated in a body of water, leading to increased growth of organisms such as
algae
Eutrophication
A stage in the development of humans in which the embryo consists of a layer of cells surrounding a cavity
Blastocyst
The structure at the tip of a sperm cell containing enzymes and which makes contact with the egg cell during fertilisation
Acrosome
The gland in the male reproductive system of humans that produces an alkaline fluid to counteract the acid environment of the
vagina
Prostate
The duct leading from the testis to the urethra in human males
Sperm duct/vas deferens
The process by which the ovum is formed through meiosis in the ovary
Oogenesis
The physical and functional expression of a gene
Phenotype
Chromosomes that are not responsible for sex determination
Autosomes
The two parts of a chromosome held together by a centromere
Chromatids
An inherited disease that affects haemoglobin and changes the shape of red blood corpuscles
Sickle-cell anaemia
The genetic make-up of an organism in respect of the alleles it possesses
Genotype
The complete disappearance of a species from Earth
Extinction
The full complement of genes present in an organism
Genome
The ability of an organism to walk on two feet
Bipedal/Bipedalism
The chromosome complement/condition of a body cell which contains two sets of chromosomes
Diploid
The point at which chromatids of homologous chromosomes cross over during meiosis
Chiasma/Chiasmata
A visual representation of an organism's chromosomes
Karyogram/Karyotype
The physical count of every individual in a population
Homeostasis
The maximum number of individuals that can be supported by an
environment under prevailing conditions
Pollination
A group of populations living together in the same habitat
Asexual reproduction
The structural changes that some insects undergo before they can
resemble the adult form
Reproductive isolating mechanisms
The structure in angiosperms that develops into a seed
Incomplete metamorphosis
The structure in a flower that supports the stigma
Sensory/Afferent