• General characteristics
• Areas of formation
• Conditions necessary for formation
• Stages in the formation
• Associated weather patterns:
Cold front conditions
Warm front conditions
Occluded front conditions
• Cyclone families
• Impact on human activities and the environment
• Possible pre-cautionary and management strategies
• Identification on synoptic weather maps and satellite images:
o Identification of stages of development on synoptic weather maps
o Interpretation of weather symbols, predicted weather and impact
Tropical cyclones• General characteristics
• Areas of formation and associated terms
• Conditions necessary for formation
• Stages in the formation
• Associated weather patterns
• Impact on human activities and the environment (including impact of floods)
• Pre-cautionary and management strategies to manage the effect of tropical cyclones (including floods)
• Identification on synoptic weather maps and satellite images:
Identification of stages of development on synoptic weather maps
Interpretation of weather symbols
• Case study of ONE recent tropical cyclone that affected Southern Africa
Subtropical anticyclones (high-pressure cells) and the resultant weather over South Africa• Location and identification of the THREE high-pressure cells that affect South Africa:
South Atlantic/St Helena high-pressure cell
South Indian/Mauritius high-pressure cell
Kalahari/Continental high-pressure cell
• General characteristics of the THREE high-pressure cells
• Influence of anticyclones on South Africa's weather and climate
• Interpretation and reading of information related to the THREE high-pressure cells on synoptic weather maps
• Development of travelling disturbances associated with anticyclonic circulation:
Moisture front and line thunderstorms
Coastal low pressure
South African berg wind
• Resultant weather and impact associated with moving disturbances
• Identification of moving disturbances on synoptic weather maps and satellite images
• Reading and interpretation of synoptic weather maps and satellite images that illustrate weather associated with anticyclonic conditions
Valley climates• Slope aspect:
Definition
Impact on the distribution of temperature in a valley
Impact on human activities in a valley
• Development of:
Anabatic winds
Katabatic winds
Inversions/Thermal belt
Frost pockets
Radiation fog (Draw simple free-hand sketches to depict anabatic and katabatic winds.)
• Influence on human activities:
Settlement
Farming Urban climates
• Reasons for differences between rural and urban climates
• Urban heat islands:
o Causes of urban heat islands/factors contributing to higher city temperatures
o Effects of urban heat islands
o Strategies to reduce the urban heat island effect
• Pollution domes:
o Causes of pollution domes
o Effects of pollution domes
o Strategies to reduce the pollution dome effect Interpretation of synoptic weather maps
• Use of international symbols
• Identification and characteristics of high- and low-pressure cells
• Interpretation of the impact of high- and low-pressure cells
• Reading and interpretation of station models
• Satellite images – reading and interpretation
• Compare satellite images to synoptic weather maps
• Concepts of:
Drainage basin
Catchment area
River system
Tributary
Confluence
Watershed
Interfluve
Source
River mouth
Surface run-off
Groundwater
Water table
• Types of rivers:
Permanent
Periodic
Episodic
Exotic
Underlying rock structure, development and characteristics of the following drainage patterns:Dendritic
Trellis
Rectangular
Radial
Centripetal
Deranged
Parallel
• Definition and factors influencing drainage density:
Precipitation
Evaporation
Soil moisture
Vegetation
Slope/Gradient
Porosity
Permeability
• Determining stream order
• Use of topographic maps to determine drainage patterns, drainage density and stream order
• Discharge of a river:
Laminar flow
Turbulent flow
River profiles:Definition, description and associated characteristics
Cross/Transverse profile
Longitudinal profile
Relationship of both profiles to the stages of a river (upper, middle, lower course)
• River grading:
Distinguish between graded and ungraded streams
Base level of erosion
Temporary base level of erosion
Permanent base level of erosion
• River rejuvenation:
Reasons for rejuvenation
Features of rejuvenation
Knickpoint
Terraces
Valley in a valley
Incised/Entrenched meanders
• Identification, description and formation of fluvial landforms:
Meander
Undercut slope
Slip-off slope
Oxbow lake
Sand island
Braided stream
Flood plain
Natural levee
Waterfall
Rapid
Delta
Utilisation of fluvial landforms by humans
River capture/Stream piracy:Concepts of
Abstraction
River capture/stream piracy
Features associated with river capture
Captor stream
Captured stream
Misfit stream
Elbow of capture
Wind gap/River gravels
Impact of river capture on captor stream and captured stream
Implications of river capture for human activities, settlements, recreation, agriculture and flooding
Identification of features associated with river capture on topographic maps
• Superimposed and antecedent drainage patterns
Catchment and river management• Importance of managing drainage basins/catchment areas
• Impact of people on drainage basins/catchment areas:
River pollution
Overgrazing
Deforestation
Human settlement
• Strategies to manage drainage basins/catchment areas
• Case study of one catchment management strategy in South Africa
• Concepts of:
Settlement
Site
Situation
• Rural and urban settlements
• Classification of settlements according to:
Size and complexity
Pattern
Function Rural settlements
• How site and situation affect the location of rural settlements
• Classification of rural settlements according to:
Pattern
Function
• Reasons for different shapes of rural settlements:
Round
Linear
Crossroad
T-shape
Stellar
• Land use in rural settlements
Rural settlement issues• Concept of rural-urban migration
• Concept of rural depopulation:
Causes and consequences of rural depopulation on people and the economy
Strategies to address rural depopulation
Case study that illustrates effects of rural depopulation and strategies to address them
• Social justice issues associated with rural settlements:
Access to resources
Land reform (to include land redistribution and restitution)
Urban settlements• The origin and development of urban settlements
• Urbanisation of the world population
• Concepts of:
Urbanisation
Urban growth
Urban expansion
Urban sprawl
Rate of urbanisation
Level of urbanisation
Interpretation of graphs and statistics
• How site and situation affect the location of urban settlements
• Classification of urban settlements according to function:
Central places
Trade and transport towns
Break-of-bulk points
Specialised towns
Junction towns
Gateway/Gap towns
Urban hierarchies• Concepts of:
Urban hierarchy
Central place
Threshold population
Sphere of influence
Range of goods
• Concepts of:
Low- and high-order functions/services
Low- and high-order centres
Urban structure and patterns• Internal structure and patterns of urban settlements: o Land-use zones, including reasons for location and characteristics
Commercial
Residential
Industrial
Zone of decay/Transition zone
Green belt
Rural-urban fringe
Factors influencing the morphological structure of a city
Urban profiles
Concept of urban profile
Reasons for shape of urban profile
Models of urban structure:Burgess/Concentric
Hoyt/Sector
Harris and Ullman/Multiple nuclei
Modern American-western city
Third World city
South African city
Changing urban patterns and land use in South Africa
Urban settlement issues• Recent urbanisation patterns in South Africa
• Urban issues related to rapid urbanisation:
Inner-city problems
Urban blight
Traffic congestion
Lack of planning
Overcrowding
Housing shortages
Service provision
• Informal settlements:
Growth of informal settlements
Issues associated with informal settlements
Strategies to address issues relating to informal settlements
Case studies from the world and South Africa
• Case studies on how selected urban areas in South Africa are managing urban challenges:
Environmental justices
Air pollution
Noise pollution
Destruction of ecosystems
Economic justices
Poverty
Poor public transport systems
Social justices
Unequal access to services
Unequal access to resources
• Economic sectors – definitions and examples:
Primary activities
Secondary activities
Tertiary activities
Quaternary activities
• Contribution of economic sectors to the South African economy:
Value/Contribution to GNP and GDP
Employment
• Use/Interpretation of statistical and graphical information
Agriculture• Contribution of agriculture to the South African economy
• The role of small-scale farmers and large-scale farmers
• Main products produced – home market and export market on the following:
Cattle
Maize
Sugar cane
• Apply factors favouring agriculture in South Africa to main products produced
• Apply factors hindering agriculture in South Africa to main products produced
• Food security/Food insecurity:
Definition
Importance of food security in South Africa
Factors influencing food security in South Africa
• Case studies related to food security in South Africa Mining
• Contribution of mining to South African economy
• Significance of mining to development in South Africa
• Main products produced:
Coal
Gold
Platinum
• Apply factors favouring mining in South Africa to main minerals mined
• Apply factors hindering mining in South Africa to main minerals mined
• Case study of one of South Africa's main minerals in relation to the above Secondary and tertiary sectors
• Contribution of secondary activities to South African economy
• Types of industries:
Heavy and light
Raw material orientated
Market orientated
Footloose
Ubiquitous
Bridge/Break-of-bulk
• Factors favouring industrial development in South Africa:
Raw materials
Labour supply
Water supply
Energy supply
Transport
Political intervention
Competition
Trade
• Factors hindering industrial development in South Africa:
Over-concentration
Transport
Air pollution
Labour supply
Water supply
Raw materials
Political interference
Competition
Trade
• Four core industrial areas of South Africa:
PWV (Gauteng)
Durban-Pinetown (eThekwini)
Port Elizabeth-Uitenhage (Nelson Mandela Metropole)
South-western Cape NOTE: For the NSC November 2017 and NSC Supplementary 2018 examinations the TWO industrial regions that will be examined are Durban-Pinetown (eThekwini) and the South-western Cape. For the NSC November 2018 and NSC Supplementary 2019 examinations the TWO industrial regions that will be examined are Durban-Pinetown (eThekwini) and the PWV (Gauteng). For the NSC November 2019 and NSC Supplementary 2020 examinations the TWO industrial regions that will be examined are the PWV (Gauteng) and Port ElizabethUitenhage (Nelson Mandela Metropole). [It is still required to know the location of all FOUR industrial regions.] Teachers will have to do some research on the prescribed industrial regions, as all FOUR are not covered in detail in all the textbooks.
Map showing location
Factors influencing the location of the prescribed industrial regions
Main industrial activities of the prescribed industrial regions
South African case studies to illustrate the above
• Strategies for industrial development in South Africa:
Overview of apartheid and post-apartheid industrial development strategies
The Good Hope Plan (apartheid)
The Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) (post-apartheid)
Growth, Employment and Redistribution (GEAR) (post-apartheid)
Concept and distribution of Industrial Development Zones (IDZs)
NOTE: For the NSC November 2017 and NSC Supplementary 2018 examinations candidates only need to have an overview of the distribution of the IDZs. For the NSC November 2018 and NSC Supplementary 2019 examinations the IDZ that will be examined is the East London IDZ. For the NSC November 2019 and NSC Supplementary 2020 examinations the IDZ that will be examined is the Saldanha Bay IDZ. [It is still required to know the location of all the IDZs.] Teachers will have to do some research on the prescribed IDZs, as different textbooks focus on different IDZs.
Case studies of two Spatial Development Initiatives (SDIs)
NOTE: For the NSC November 2017 and NSC Supplementary 2018 examinations the TWO SDIs that will be examined are the Maputo Development Corridor and the Wild Coast SDI. For the NSC November 2018 and NSC Supplementary 2019 examinations the TWO SDIs that will be examined are the Phalaborwa SDI and the West Coast SDI. For the NSC November 2019 and NSC Supplementary 2020 examinations the TWO SDIs that will be examined are the Platinum SDI and the Richards Bay SDI. [It is still required to know the location of all the SDIs.] Teachers will have to do some research on the prescribed SDIs as different textbooks focus on different SDIs.
Issues related to industrial centralisation and decentralisation
• Contribution of tertiary activities to the South African economy:
Definition of tertiary activities
Examples of tertiary activities
The role of international trade in economic development
The role of transport in economic development
Interpretation of graphs and tables
Case studies of contribution of tertiary activities to the South African economy
The informal sector• Concept of informal sector employment
• Characteristics of informal sector employment
• Reasons for high informal sector employment in South Africa
• Challenges facing South Africa's informal sector
• Importance/Role of the informal sector in the economy
• Strategies for strengthening the informal sector
• Case studies to illustrate the above in the South African context
All the geographical skills and knowledge studied in Grades 10 and 11 are relevant to Grade 12.
Mapwork techniques
These concepts should be taught in an integrated fashion.
• Contour lines, contour interval and height and conventional signs
• Compass direction
• True/Geographic bearing
• Magnetic declination and bearing
• Map scale – types of scales and comparing the scales of topographic maps, orthophoto maps and aerial photographs
• Calculating straight-line distance in reality
• Calculating area of regular features
• Map reference numbers/Map index
• Alphanumeric reference/Grid reference
• Map coordinates/Fixing position – stating the coordinates
• Calculation and interpretation of gradient
• Cross-sections – drawing of cross-sections, indicating position of features on cross-sections and identifying features represented by cross-sections
• Intervisibility
• Calculating vertical exaggeration Topographic map application
• Interpretation of 1 : 50 000 topographic maps:
Interpreting physical features, e.g. relief, drainage, climate and vegetation
Interpreting cultural features, e.g. settlement, land-use and transport networks
• Application of all aspects of the syllabus covered in the theoretical section of Geography
• Interpreting of temperature, rainfall, climate zones and biomes, graphs and tables that are related to the 1 : 50 000 topographic map and the 1 : 10 000 orthophoto map being assessed
Photographs• Types of photographs
• Advantages and disadvantages of different types of photographs
• Orthophoto maps
• Interpreting size, shape, tone, texture, shadow and patterns of vertical aerial photographs to identify features, landforms and activities on photographs and orthophoto maps
• Orientation of orthophoto map to topographic map
• Compare orthophoto maps to topographic maps
• All techniques mentioned under mapwork techniques are applicable to orthophoto maps Orthophoto map application
• Interpretation of 1 : 10 000 orthophoto maps
Interpreting physical features, e.g. relief, drainage, climate and vegetation
Interpreting cultural features, e.g. settlement, land-use and transport networks
• Application of all aspects of syllabus covered in the theoretical section of Geography Types of Maps
• Reference maps
• Thematic maps – defining, identifying and interpreting different types of thematic maps with the aid of atlases Geographical Information Systems (GIS)
• Concepts of:
GIS
Remote sensing
Resolution
Pixels
Spatial resolution
Spatial and attribute data
Vector and raster data
Spatial objects
Points/Nodes
Lines
Area/Polygons
• Concept of layering of information
• Components of GIS
• Sources of information for GIS
• Data manipulation and analysis:
Concept of data manipulation
Data integration
Buffering
Querying
Statistical analysis
• Data standardisation
• Data sharing
• Data security
• Application of GIS by the:
Government
Private sector
• Developing a 'paper GIS' from existing maps, photographs and other sources of information on layers of tracing paper
• Identifying and interpreting concepts using given data such as satellite images, topographic maps, orthophoto maps, aerial photographs, pictures and statistics indicated on graphs and