- abstraction:lowering and shifting of the watershed
- acid rain:rain that is a weak acid formed by the water mixing with pollutants such as sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides
- acidic:having the properties of an acid, or containing acid; having a pH below 7
- adiabtic cooling:a decrease in air temperature associated with rising air as expands at highet altitudes where pressure is reduced
- adiabtic warming:an increase in temperature associated with subsiding air as it is compressed at lower altitudes where pressure is increased
- adventage tourism:tourism that involves elements of risk and physical effort in unfamiliar surroundings
- aerated zone:part of the crust above the water table where there are open air species
- afforestation:the establishment of forests by planting or seeding in an area of non-forest land
- agglomeration:to group together with other similar activities
- air mass:a huge amount of air with similar temperature or humidity
- alkaline:having the properties of an alkali, or containing alkali; having a ph greater than 7
- anabatic wind:wind that blows up the valley slopes during the day
- angle of incidence:the angle at which the sun's rays strike the surface of earth
- antecedent drainage:an older river cuts through a younger geological landform
- anticyclonic circulation:airflow around a high-pressure centre that is clockwise in the northern hemisphere and anticlockwise in the southern hemisphere
- apartheid:a political policy or system of racial discrimination based on segregation
- arcuate delta:a delta that extends sediments out into the sea in a curved shape
- aspect:the direction in which a slope faces
- backs:a change in wind direction in an anticlockwise direction.
- base flow:water feeding river valleys from underground.
- berg wind:a hot dry wind that blows from the platue to the coast.
- betterment planning:an apartheid policy which aimed toregulate and control land use in the homelands.traditional villages were reduced in size and specific residental,grazing and cultivation zones were demarcated.
- bilateral agreement:agreement involving two parties,usually countries.
- birds foot delta:this details distributaries and sediment extend into the sea in the shape of a birds foot.
- braided stream:a stream that splits up into many small,shallow channels that rejoin many times.
- buffer zone: an area or structure in an apartheid city that separates the residential zones of different race groups.
- butte:a small flat topped hill that is higher than it is wide.
- captor stream:the river that captured of slole the water from another river
- captured stream:the river whose water is diverted into another river valley
- catchment area:the area that feeds water into a river system
- CBD (Central Busiess District):the main commercial zone of a city, usually located in acentral position
- central place:an urban settlement that supplies googs and services to the surroundings rural community
- centripetal drainage pattern:rivers drain in towards a central low point
- centripetal forces:forces which attract people and function to the CBD
- City:a large urban centre that offers specialised services
- coastal low:smalll low pressure system that develops on the coast and moves along it form west to east
- coking coal:a type of a cold used as a fuel is smelting iron one
- cold front:the boundary between a mass of cold air and a mass of warm air long which the cold air pushes in under the warm air ahead of it
- cold front occlusion:the weather processes associated with an occluded front in which the air cold behind the cold front is much cold than the cold air ahead of the warm front it has caught up with and the warm front is lifted off the ground
- cold snap: a relatively short period of usually cold weather
- commercial farming:farms which are run as business with the aim of making a profit
- commercial enterprises:activities that aim to make a profit through the sales of their products
- comparative goods:specialised goods and services that require some decision-making before they are brought
- complexity:the number of elements or components that occur in a settlement
- concave slope:the contours are close together at higher altitudes and gradually become further apart as heigh decreases
- confluence:the point where two rivers join
- contours:lines joining places of equal altitude or height above sea level
- conurbation:a continuously urban area that develops when cities and towns expand out towards each other and merge
- convectional thunderstorm:storm that develop when surface air is heated and rise
- convenience goods:also called lower order goods
- convergence of air:the coming together of air
- convex slop:the contours are close together at a lower height and gradually become further apart as height increase
- coriolis force:the effect of earth rotation htat causes wind to be deflected to the let in the left in the southern hemisphere
- cross-section:a profile or a side view of a relief feature
- cuspate delta:a pointed or triangular shaped delta
- cyclogenesis:the developments and strengthening of a cyclone
- decentralisation:when functions and people move out of the CBD to the suburbs.
- delta:depositional feature that forms when a river enters the sea or still body of water such as a lake.
- dendritic drainage pattern:tributaries join at less than 90 degrees so the pattern looks like the branches of a tree.
- densification:the increased use of space both horizontally and vertically in urban areas.it leads to a greater number of residential units and increased population density.
- deranged drainage pattern:no specific pattern
- dew point temperature:the temperature at which water vapour in the air starts to condense.
- direct run off: water flowing over earth in river channels.
- direction:the description of the position of one place in relation to another.it is the position on a line extending from a specific point towards a point of the compass.
- dispersed:spread out over a large area.
- dispersed pattern:individual settlements or buildings are placed far apart from each other (they are isolated).
- dissipate:weaken.
- distributary:smaller channels that the river breaks up into a delta.
- divergance of air:the moving apart of air.
- drainage basin:area drained by a river system or stream network.
- drainage pattern:the pattern of a river system when seen on a map.
- dry point settlement:a settlement located on a higher lying ground away from marshland and potential flooding.
- economy:all activities related to the production, distribution and interaction of all goods and services within a geological area
- ectourism:responsible travel to nature area that conserves the environment and improve the welfare of the local people
- edge city:a large commercial center on the outskirts of a city offering a mixture of employment, shopping, entertainment and residentail function
- elbow of capture:the point of river capture
- embedded electricity generation:electricity generated from many small energy source (such as solar panels) as opposed to one large central source coal power station
- enclosed neighbourhood:an established residentail area with roads that have gates to control the movement of traffic and people into and out of the area
- energy:power or force with which the river flows
- entrepreneurs:a person who organises and operates a business or businesses, taking financial risk to do so
- episodic rivers:rivers that hardly ever flow because they are in low rainfall areas and the water table is always below the river bed
- escarpment:sloping land between the plateau and the coastal plain
- estuarine delta:a delta forming in an estuary
- estuary:very wide opens, shallow river mouth where river; water; and sea water mix
- exoctic rivers:rivers found in low rainfall areas but flow all year because they are fed by tributaries in high rainfall areas
- extensive farming:type or commercial farming where the yields per hectare and labour inputs are low in relation to the size of the farm
- eye:central cloudiess and calm area of tropical cyclone
- eyewall:the tsll cumulonimbus clouds that surround the eye of a tropical cyclone
- facadism:the practise of preserving the fronts of old buildings while demolishing the backs and constructing new modern interiors
- first order stream:source tributaries that do not have any streams flowing into them
- flood plain:level area next to a river caused by accumulation of sediment each time the river overflows its banks
- fluvial landforms:landforms resulting from the action of rivers
- forced removals:an apartheid policy that forced millions of south africa to move from their homes and re-settle into specific areas based on race
- friction:a force that slows down the movement of an object in contact with another object
- frost pocket:a low lying area area such a in the bottom of a valley where frost forms
- gated community:a form of residential community or housing estate containing strictly controlled entrances. They are usually newly built and surrounded by a wall
- GDP:Gross Domestic Product:the measure of a country's economic value, from all goods and services from within the borders of a country, measured over a year
- gentrification:the restortation and upgrading of rundwn residentail areas by middle and upper income groups
- ghost town:an abandoned town - the population leaves because the economic activity that supported it has falled
- global circulation:the world scale pattern of pressure and winds developed in response to unequal latitudinal heating of Earth
- GPS (Global Positioning System):a system that gives an exact position of a place by triangulating from three or more satelites
- graded profile:longitudinal profile which is smooth and concave from source to mouth
- graded river:a river that has just enough energy to carry its load; neither erosion nor deposition takes place
- gradient:steepness of a slope
- groundwater:water found underground
- hamlet:a small grouping of a few farmseads that may have its own church but does not have any shops or services
- headward erosion:river lengthening itself at the source
- headwaters:water near the source of the river
- higher order centre:urban centres which offer low order low order and higher order goods
- higher order goods:are also called comparative goods. They are specialised goods and services that require some decision-making before they are brought
- homelands:ten demarcated area set aside for black South Africans during apartheid. Also called Bantustans
- horticulture:the science and art of cultivating fruits, vegetables, flowers, or ornamental plants
- incentives:a payment or concession to stimulate greater output or investment
- incised meander:a mender that has cut deep into the crust
- indirect runoff:water feeding into rivers by either surface runoff or base flow
- industrial zone:areas containing light or heavy industries in a city.
- informal settlement:an illegal spontaneous settlement that lacks proper services and infrastructure
- infrastructure:the basic physical systems of a country, including roads, utilities, water, sewage
- intensive farming:type of commerical farming where the output and the laour input is high in relation to the size of the farm
- intervisibility:the ability to see one point from another point on the landscape
- invasion and succession:the process wherby a land use zone changes. Invasion is when the new function enters the neighbourhood; succession is once the change in land use is complete
- investment:the action or process of investing money for profile or material result
- isolated farmstead:a settlement which consists of a few buildings and one or two families
- jet stream:a narrow band of fast moving upper air wind
- katabatic wind:wind that blow down the valley slopes at night